ABSTRACT Background: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been introduced as useful inflammatory markers to predict the outcome of a wide spectrum of diseases, such as malignancies and cardiovascular pathologies. Limited evidence is available for their role in end-stage renal disease and dialysis patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate NLR and PLR as predictors of mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods: In this retrospective study 122 incident PD patients between 2004 and 2019 were included. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Relationships between NLR, PLR and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were evaluated by Spearman correlation test. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis were performed to determine the association of NLR and PLR with all-cause mortality. Results: Mean levels of NLR and PLR were 3.99±2.6 and 195.5±101.7, respectively. Both NLR and PLR were significantly and positively correlated with serum hs-CRP levels (r=0.340, p<0.001 and r=0.360, p<0.001, respectively). The overall mortality rate was 18.9% after a mean follow-up of 30.2±24.0 months. On multivariable modeling, we found that higher NLR (HR=1.662, 95%CI 1.117-2.472) and higher PLR (HR=1.010, 95%CI 1.004-1.015), in addition to lower residual renal function and higher Charlson comorbidity index were significant independent predictors of poor survival, when adjusted for nutritional status. Discussion: In this study, NLR and PLR were validated as inflammatory markers and predicted survival in our PD patients. Our results suggest that NLR might be a better indicator of mortality than PLR.

Introduction: Renal replacement therapy has not always been shown to benefit end-stage renal failure patients who are elderly or have multiple comorbidities. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) predicts mortality and is frequently used for risk stratification in clinical practice. We evaluated correlation between the Charlson Comorbidity Index and hospital admissions and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 693 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<30 ml/min/1.73m2, followed in pre-dialysis medical appointments (2008-2012). Based on the CCI, the subjects were collapsed into 4 risk groups: <25th percentile (CCI≤5.2; n=172) - G1; 25-50th percentile (CCI: 5.3-6.4; n=162) - G2; 50-75th percentile (CCI: 6.5-7.4; n=177) - G3; and >75th percentile (CCI≥7.5; n=182) - G4. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, the chi-square and the log-rank tests were used for comparison between groups. The Bonferroni test was used as a post-hoc test. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate mortality. Results: Mean age was 70.1 years, 54% women, with an eGFR of 20.2±9.2 ml/min (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease). G1 patients were younger (p<0.001) and showed higher hemoglobin (p<0.001), eGFR (p=0.025), calcium (p=0.033) and albumin (p<0.001). In a multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for gender, age, hemoglobin, phosphorus, parathormone, eGFR, albumin and blood pressure, CCI is a risk factor for hospitalization (ORa=1.362, Cl 95% 1.175-1.580, p<0.0001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified higher scores of CCI as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality (HRa=1.24, Cl 95% 1.053-1.467, p=0.010). Survival at 85 months was progressively shorter with higher CCI (G1=86.7%, G2=65.9%, G3=59.35 % and G4=30.4%, log-rank=34.465, p=0.0001). Conclusion: The Charlson Comorbidity Index was shown to be a strong predictor of mortality and hospitalizations in patients with stage IV chronic kidney disease. It might be a valuable tool in dialysis decision-making for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and severe comorbidity burden.

Resumo Introdução: A hiperfosfatemia é uma grave consequência da doença renal crônica associada a risco aumentado de doença cardiovascular. O controle dos níveis séricos de fósforo dos pacientes em diálise é um desafio que requer, na maioria dos casos, o uso de quelantes de fosfato (QF). Parte da dificuldade se deve à baixa adesão ao tratamento oriunda do grande número de medicamentos receitados para esse grupo de pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar a real eficácia do oxihidróxido sucroférrico (OHS) no controle dos níveis séricos de fósforo e determinar a carga de comprimidos associada. Métodos: Estudo multicêntrico, quantitativo, retrospectivo, antes e depois conduzido com pacientes em hemodiafiltração on-line. Pacientes remanejados para OHS como parte dos cuidados de rotina foram incluídos no estudo. Tratamento com QF, número de comprimidos, níveis séricos de fósforo, reposição férrica endovenosa e dosagens foram registrados mensalmente durante seis meses de tratamento com QF ou OHS. Resultados: Foram incluídos 42 pacientes no estudo. Após a mudança de QF para OHS, o número de comprimidos prescritos por dia caiu em 67%, de seis para duas unidades diárias (p < 0,001). A frequência de ingestão de comprimidos caiu de três para duas vezes ao dia (p < 0,001). Durante o tratamento com OHS, o percentual de pacientes com fósforo sérico ≤ 5,5 mg/dL aumentou de 33,3% no início para 45% após seis meses de tratamento. Conclusão: Durante os seis meses de seguimento com OHS, os níveis séricos de fósforo foram controlados com um terço dos comprimidos por dia em relação aos tratamentos com outros QF.

Abstract Introduction: Hyperphosphatemia is a serious consequence of chronic kidney disease and has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Controlling serum phosphorus levels in patients on dialysis is a challenge for the clinicians and implies, in most cases, the use of phosphate binders (PB). Part of the reason for this challenge is poor adherence to treatment because of the high pill burden in this patient group. Objective: To assess the real-world effectiveness of sucroferric oxyhydroxide (SO) in controlling serum phosphorus levels and determine the associated pill burden. Methods: A multicenter, quantitative, retrospective, before-after study was conducted with patients receiving online hemodiafiltration. Patients who switched to SO as a part of routine care were included in the study. PB treatment, number of pills, serum phosphorus levels, and intravenous iron medication and dosage were collected monthly during the six months of treatment with either PB or SO. Results: A total of 42 patients were included in the study. After switching from a PB to SO, the prescribed pills/day was reduced 67% from 6 pills/day to 2 pills/day (p < 0.001) and the frequency of pill intake was lowered from 3 times/day to 2 times/day (p < 0.001). During the treatment with SO, the proportion of patients with serum phosphorus ≤ 5.5 mg/dL increased from 33.3% at baseline to 45% after six months of treatment. Conclusion: During the six-month follow-up with SO, serum phosphorus levels were controlled with one third of the pills/day compared to other PB.

Calcific Uraemic Arteriolopathy (CUA) or calciphylaxis, is a thrombotic disorder of skin and subcutaneous tissue which typically presents with painful purpuric nodules that may progress to necrotic ulcers, and is a severe, life-threatening condition. CUA is an uncommon clinical entity that affects mostly haemodialysis (HD) patients. Although the process of vascular calcification was initially thought to be the result of a passive deposition of calcium-phosphate crystals, current knowledge suggests a distinct mechanism, including cellular activity with differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into chondrocyte as well as osteoblast-like cellular phenotypes and deficiencies in calcification inhibitors. Although multiple studies suggest a potential relationship between warfarin and CUA, larger prospective studies are needed in order to better evaluate this association, and randomised controlled trials are needed to assess the benefit of distinct interventions in this setting. In this article the topic of CUA is reviewed based on a clinical case of a 65-year-old man undergoing haemodialysis, who underwent an aortic valve replacement one year earlier, receiving a mechanical heart valve, and who has been under warfarin therapy since then

A doença renal crónica pode conduzir a distúrbios metabólicos como hiperfosfatemia, aumento da secre- ção do “fibroblast growth factor- 23”, e deficiência de vitamina D, que por sua vez, podem conduzir a um aumento dos níveis plasmáticos da paratormona, e a uma diminuição dos níveis plasmáticos de cálcio. Consequentemente, a doença renal crónica pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de hiperparatiroidismo secundário, e de anomalias no metabolismo mineral ósseo. A transplantação renal é a opção que proporciona a maior longevidade e qualidade de vida, a doentes com doença renal crónica terminal. A deficiência de vitamina D tem sido associada a doença cardiovascular, que é a causa principal de mortalidade nos transplantados renais. Logo, o diagnóstico desta deficiência poderá ser crucial para tentar minimizar esta mortalidade, uma vez que esta deficiência de vitamina D pode ser corrigida terapeuticamente. O calcitriol tem como indicação terapêutica o tratamento da deficiência de vitamina D, tanto em doentes com doença renal crónica, como em doentes transplantados renais. No entanto, este fármaco pode aumentar os níveis plasmáticos de cálcio e de fósforo, conduzindo a potenciais calcificações vasculares, que têm sido associadas a mortalidade cardiovascular. Os ativadores seletivos dos recetores da vitamina D têm como indicação terapêutica o tratamento da deficiência de vitamina D na doença renal crónica. A vantagem destes fármacos é que têm sido associados a aumentos inferiores dos níveis plasmáticos de cálcio e fósforo. Estes fármacos têm ainda efeitos adicionais que podem minimizar a morbilidade e a mortalidade, principalmente devido ao seu potencial para reduzir eventos cardiovasculares. Neste artigo apresentamos uma revisão de literatura sobre a fisiologia da vitamina D, sobre as consequências da sua deficiência na doença renal crónica e em doentes transplantados renais, e sobre o diagnóstico e tratamento desta deficiência. Finalmente, discutimos os resultados de estudos recentes, sobre a segurança e eficácia dos ativadores seletivos dos recetores da vitamina D em doentes transplantados renais

Severe chronic kidney disease may lead to disturbances, such as hyperphosphatemia, increased secretion of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and vitamin D deficiency. These may increase plasmatic levels of parathyroid hormone, and decrease plasmatic levels of calcium. Altogether, these may contribute to the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism, and to abnormalities in mineral metabolism. Kidney transplantation is the best option to improve longevity and quality of life in end-stage chronic kidney disease patients. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death in chronic kidney disease. Therefore, diagnosing this deficiency may be pivotal for minimizing mortality in chronic kidney disease, because pharmacological treatments for this deficiency may be prescribed. Calcitriol is indicated for the treatment of vitamin D deficiency, both in chronic kidney disease and in kidney transplanted patients. However, calcitriol may increase the plasmatic levels of calcium and phosphorous, which can lead to vascular calcifications, that have been associated with cardiovascular mortality. Selective vitamin D receptor activators are indicated for the treatment of vitamin D deficiency in chronic kidney disease. These have the advantage of being associated with lower increases of plasmatic levels of calcium and phosphorous. These drugs also seem to have additional effects that may minimise patient morbidity and mortality, especially due to potentially reducing cardiovascular events. Unfortunately, there are few studies about the use of these drugs in kidney transplanted patients. Here we present a review about the physiology of vitamin D, the consequences of its deficiency in chronic kidney disease and in kidney transplanted patients, and about the diagnosis and treatment of this deficiency. Finally, we discuss the new line of research about the efficacy and safety of selective vitamin D receptor activators in kidney transplanted patients

Portugal assume-se como um país de referência na produção de vinhos de qualidade superior pelas condições edafoclimáticas e património vitícola que possui. Para potenciar a qualidade verifica-se a premência que as diversas etapas do processo de fabrico do vinho sejam submetidas a uma efetiva monitorização e controlo. Sendo o processo de fermentação alcoólica uma das etapas mais importantes do processo de produção de vinho, apresenta-se uma solução de baixo custo para efetuar a monitorização e controlo do processo de fermentação alcoólica numa adega. Para comprovar a viabilidade prática desta solução, foi instalado na adega da Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra (ESAC), um protótipo que efetuou em condições reais, o controlo da temperatura de fermentação de mosto branco numa cuba de média dimensão.

Portugal stands out as a recognized country in the production of superior quality wine, the two main reasons being the edaphoclimatic conditions and the grapevine heritage. To maximize quality it is important that the various steps of the winemaking process be submitted to effective control and monitoring. Since the alcoholic fermentation is a crucial stage of the winemaking process, this paper describes a low cost prototype to perform the supervision and control of the alcoholic fermentation process in a winery. To demonstrate the viability of the practical application of this solution in real conditions, a prototype was installed in the winery of Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra (ESAC), to control the fermentation temperature of white must in a medium size vat.